We’ve estimated this to have about a 6% effect in this instance, but we’ve excluded for simplicity. Grids are essential components for understanding and unifying page layouts. The similarity dictated if the value from one team can be extrapolated, or if multiple value calculations needed to be made. Design Systems Enhance User Experience. Value = Function / Whole Life Cost or Value= What you get (or want) / What you pay Thus, value can be increased by improved function or reduced whole life cost. As defined by InVision, a design system is “a collection of reusable components, guided by clear standards, that can be assembled together to build any number of applications.”. Design systems are all the rage in 2018, with companies like Shopify creating design systems and hundreds of other organizations both big and small doing the same. This gave a final quality rating of 66% for work delivered following this 277 hour process. However, if you have a rough understanding of your organisational structure and you’ve worked in a product team it’s possible to make a reasonable estimation to get the ball rolling. Before beginning work on your design system, take a moment to think about the team you’ll need to bring it to life. We also found that the design system supported quality better e.g. Once we had an example process including average time taken and quality, for both current state and future state, we needed to scale this across the product organisation. We also assessed the quality and consistency of the products they had already delivered. The first advantage of design systems is that they standardize visual elements. Previously, web projects were guided by templates. When several teams are working together on a project, it’s not unlikely that they’ll experience a case of “too many cooks in the kitchen.” When too many people try to input design changes at once, it gets harder to track consistency across pages, resulting in a poorly designed final product. We then calculated the predicted future cost using this equation:(future number of hours × hourly price × number of deliveries × number of teams) / productivity(190 hours × £30.00 × 11 deliveries × 103 teams) / 55% = £11,628,000, To get the value added by improved quality we first needed the percentage quality of improvement. Design and development teams can refer to a pattern library to understand how a module will work, what it will look like, and how it is coded. To get the current cost to deliver we used this calculation:(current number of hours × hourly price × number of deliveries × number of teams) / productivity(277 hours × £30.00 × 11 deliveries × 103 teams) / 55% = £16,952,400. Value relates to the assessment of the benefits brought by something in relation to the resources needed to achieve it. The accuracy could have been increased by doing a calculation for every team based off an individual study, but the time investment would have been monumental. This discovery exercise involved interviewing and shadowing individuals from product teams. They standardize visual elements and maintain brand continuity across platforms. Furthermore, there are three parts that make up a design system: Rate of return on improvement is likely to reduce slightly as quality rises. The commonality of high quality support task went up e.g. Without a design system currently in existence this was a prospective exercise. The core element of Design System is often a Library of UI Components. Now it’s time for design to realize its full potential and join them. components available in multiple coding languages with documentation. Proposed system requirements including a conceptual data model, modified DFDs, and Metadata (data about data). If I gave you lettuce, tomato, cheese, a bun, and ground meat, how many types of hamburgers could you make? With the IBM Design Language as its foundation, the system consists of working code, design tools and resources, human interface guidelines, and a vibrant community of contributors. Spoiler alert! Who needs to be involved? Carbon is IBM’s open-source design system for products and experiences. These teams use it to develop and ship features more efficiently to form … Not only does a design system affect the business and user, but it also helps improve many aspects of how we work as a team. To improve accuracy we analysed the effects of existing efforts to improve componentisation and documentation. Teams can move much faster and improve communication when they are operating with a common design language. Tasks and the time taken to complete them was relatively easy to capture with absolute values. For more than 50 years, engineers have operationalized their work. designers researching for existing solutions, guidance and inspiration now had a known place to reference. Based on our findings, we produced a content inventory for the design system. Design systems include everything from standard UI patterns, frameworks, assets, documentation, brand identity, and more. Component design 4. Meaning we could increase income by £1,800,000 while freeing up 45% of productive work time to deliver even more value. Take a look, 10 Principles for Typography in UI Design, I disguised as an Instagram UX influencer for 4 months; this is what I learned about our community, The best design tool of 2020 is not what you expect, An overview of common data visualization mistakes, Designing for enterprise vs. designing for consumers, How much less we could deliver the same amount of work for, How much more work we could deliver for the same cost, How much we could improve the quality of the work delivered, How much improving quality would be worth, Speed to onboard people to a point where they deliver valuable work, Time gained by not having current team members onboarding others, Design and technical debt accrued when retrospectively aligning products, Proportionate requirement for people managers and facilities, Number of teams included in the calculation, The design system as a profile raiser for talent acquisition, Reduction in rate of change of quality value, Technical overheads through increased work output, Time dedicated to building and managing the design system. Value for Money (VfM… My approach with avalanche, and more recently with the design system we’re building at work, always was to use variables for everything from spacings to colors and things like border radius for example.The rule is, that there are no colors or spacings, like margins and paddings, that do not use a variable value. It allows the team to design, develop and maintain the quality of the … With the commonality ratings, time taken and quality support factors modified to reflect a future process using a design system, we completed the same set of calculations as those for the benchmark. Brad Frost calls it atomic design. The time taken to complete the task was also logged in terms of person hours e.g. They also delivered with a relatively consistent velocity. System design takes the following inputs − 1. Design Systems (Introducing the design system (Value of design systems…: Design Systems (Introducing the design system, Designing your design system) They both refer to the same thing, how the grid system work… Now that we know what a design system is, let’s look at what it isn’t, why it’s so important, and its advantages. In the context of construction projects it is normally expressed as a ratio between a function and the whole life cost for that function. Design systems are not much different than burgers. Below are a few additional effects we considered when assessing the value of a design system. With the effort positive, but lack of resources to facilitate (room for improvement), we’d assign it a medium rating. However, no matter how many templates they created, there was no way to account for every possible design element. Design systems allow design and development teams to spend more time exploring, and less time reinventing the wheel. By undertaking this exercise we wanted to understand how their product teams get from a brief to full release in practice. Tasks that occurred less than 15% of the time were excluded. The value of design comes from top management rigor, company-wide teamwork, rapid iteration, and relentless user-centricity. It may sound time consuming, but I found undertaking the exercise really helped our client make the case for a design system. We found that most of their teams followed a very similar delivery process (kudos to management). We could also append that level of fidelity at a later date if required. The biggest difference we found is that a number of their internal applications have very light touch inputs from designers and user interface developers. Value system architecture--The complete view of the value system reveals the value system architecture. Their value is becoming better understood and their impact is growing. a designer researching for existing solutions, guidance and inspiration typically finds information that is well documented, research driven and consistent across products. This content inventory was for a matured design system, not a early stage release e.g. If you have any thoughts, comments or questions please get in touch. The dmi:Design Value Index DMI and Motiv Strategies, funded by Microsoft, began analyzing the performance of US companies committed to … The factors we used were: Throughout the calculation we were generally conservative with estimations. This number was then adjusted for commonality. Building a design system is a group effort that benefits from a diverse team and requires collaboration amongst many key … You’re going to need more than just designers.Here’s a quick list of the disciplines that can be represented in your team to create an effective design system: 1. We boiled down our design system objective to be: An ever-evolving system that enables us to build higher quality products more efficiently. A style guide focuses on a brand’s visual identity and includes colors, fonts, typography, and more. They instill order, enable consistency, and improve efficiency. Design systems shouldn't replace the essential conversations and validation with the people that will use a product. A weekly, ad-free newsletter that helps designers stay in the know, be productive, and think more critically about their work. Like any ecosystem, if you change one variable it can cause a cascade of knock on effects. User interface librarySure, there are nuances to all of these, but they’re basically doing the same thing: creating a series of design components for you and your team to reuse. It’s the first item under their design system’s pattern section. The quality rating had increased from 66% to 78%. Well, you could make a cheeseburger, a plain burger, a burger with tomatoes and no lettuce, a burger with no cheese and just lettuce, and so on. Value system, strategy, and business design --Value chain formulation focuses on how these activities create value and what determines their cost, giving the firm considerable latitude in determining how activities are configured. Then we followed each of the six teams delivering a similar size piece of moderately complex work. We found that we needed to modify average price per hour and productivity slightly to get a more accurate result, but it really wasn’t far off! Before we began our discovery, we defined the objective of our design system and outlined what value we needed to work towards demonstrating. This led to varying interpretations and inconsistencies across teams. This is the heart and primary value of design systems. A design system is adopted by and supported for other teams making experiences. Modular design 3. An onboarding system for your design language is imperative to the success of your new team members. designer researches for existing solutions, guidance and inspiration. The goal of this exercise was to show the benefits a design system could bring. Requirement determination plan 3. Communication and knowledge sharing. Philadelphia, PA | (215) 922-2692 | info@zivtech.com, Alana Meaning we’d now be able to deliver in 190 person hours down from 277 person hours. They employ the best parts of these other artifacts to form a comprehensive toolkit of reusable design assets, but there’s a key difference: design systems also include the code necessary for designers and developers to easily include them in their own projects. They also allow teams to move faster and communicate better. In this case, implementers of the design may be pushed to reduce cost despite expensive requirements and designs. If it wasn’t obvious already, there are many advantages of a design system. When planning comes together, a system can be rewarding to use. Based on our discovery work, we selected a sample group of six teams. Instead, both of these are subsets under the umbrella of a design system. System development is the process of creating or altering systems, along with the processes, practices, models, and methodologies used to develop them. Strengths: + Measures nonmonetary impact of design (economic value), + A comprehensive tool based on fixed and flexible metrics, allowing to address dynamics of the design process, + Informs management on the effectiveness of the investment in design by linking actions of design teams to business outcomes, + Provides instant feedback to project teams on ongoing projects, Helps to … Value and color. Design principles are the shared value system across the entire design system. Did you know that, according to the 2017-2018 UXPin Design Industry Report, 67% of companies are either using a design system or are in the process of building one? The industry is still circling around the preferred name. If I were to offer one piece of advice on doing this yourself, it would be to identify helpful people with deep knowledge of the business and its processes beforehand. Every distinct task undertaken in the delivery process was logged e.g. The design system as a profile raiser for talent acquisition; Negative: Bottlenecks in technical operations; Reduction in rate of change of quality value; Technical overheads through increased work output; Process, governance and reporting; Time dedicated to building and managing the design system; Education, penetration and adoption; Doing it yourself The first step we took was to detail what the intended contents of the design system was. However, that doesn't mean that design systems aren't of value. Value-driven design (VDD) is a systems engineering strategy based on microeconomics which enables multidisciplinary design optimization.Value-driven design is being developed by the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, through a program committee of government, industry and academic representatives. Different companies all over the world rely on design systems that are specific to their brand, but each system is comprised of the same elements. There is also the added bonus of maintaining brand continuity and functional consistency across all platforms including iOS, Android, and web. The next step was to understand how this content would be consumed throughout the delivery process. Pattern library 2. In this article, we'll outline what design systems are, what they aren't, and how they can be best leveraged in product design. Design systems are like style guides or brand books on steroids. Design Systems are often called the single source of truth for the team involved in product creation. This was about 5% of the product organisation, but represented the key products and delivery processes. So, we assumed any money saved would be directly reinvested in the same teams to deliver more work, within the same time period. We also reviewed project management tools and documentation sites. Market Research Design to value is associated with market research and efforts to identify customer needs and preferences to drive product development.For example, a manufacturer of battery chargers may find that customers feel that current products have a strange chemical smell they find disturbing. The importance of design language. It covers different topics such as grid sizes, gutters and how to mix them. Both style guides and pattern libraries are important parts of the overall design system. This includes the technology - CSS in Javascript or something else - that you are going to use for writing the design system; how you are going to distribute the design system; and if you are going to use one of your digital products as the starting point for the system. The Value of Design. by Colm Tuite How to construct a design systemTips for designing and building a consistent design system.Without doubt, I get asked about design systems more than anything else. The commonality factor we calculated was 78% which gave an average of 277 hours of work to deliver. Well, it goes by many names. System design is the process of defining the components, modules, interfaces, and data for a system to satisfy specified requirements. For each task undertaken in the delivery process we assigned a quality support factor; high, medium, or low. AirBNB calls it design language. This process served as the backbone for making our value calculations. This eliminated a number of steps from the process but resulted in lower quality deliverables. While the same general rules apply, we wanted to understand the potential return to our client specifically. It helps designers and developers refine the styles that are used on a site, creating cohesion among products. For example, the task “designer researches for existing solutions, guidance and inspiration” if completed supports consistency. The commonality factor had reduced from 78% to 75%. So whether you are creating a desktop site, a mobile site, or an app, the basic ingredients included in your design system will help you produce products that are unified and cohesive. The commonality of low quality support tasks went down e.g. Active participation in #system-design and #system-engineering Slack channel by ≥ 30 non-system … Statement of work 2. In this article I’d like to breakdown this concept into a few components: understanding what a value system is, why it is important and also how to go about building one. This gives a final value calculation of:total potential savings opportunity × future delivery capacity£7,124,400 × 1.45 = £10,330,380. The Design Value System has three components: The Design Value Index, The Design Maturity Matrix and the Design Value Map. This gave us a benchmark to measure improvement against. We were conservative with these and marked down quality support in a number of places to account for the design system being imperfect. This is the ultimate goal of any project. The values assigned to the ratings were relatively arbitrary. To give the quality rating, we took the average of the support factors (using their assigned values) and again adjusted for commonality. As with any investment, it’s common for senior management to want to understand the potential return. This can make them difficult to get sponsorship for. What is a design system?A design system is a collection of reusable components, guided by clear standards, that can be assembled together to build any number of applications.What’s the difference between a design system and a style guide or pattern library?A design system isn’t only a collection of the assets and components you use to build a digital product. There are a number of great articles on the potential return of having a design system, such as “And you thought buttons were easy” by Nathan Curtis. Every business is different though, so naturally returns can vary significantly. As they had ample work to fill this time, freeing up this capacity meant less need to increase existing number of teams. These UI elements have also their representation implemented in code. Then we assigned a commonality factor. To get an idea of how much value is delivered by changing the quality though, we needed to know the income from the products considered and the average rate of return per 1% improvement in quality. To work this out, we first calculated the total number of person hours required to complete every task in the delivery process. What is a Value System Values or principles are your personal … Continue reading "Building your Value System" However, for large businesses a design system requires significant investment. if two people spent 30 minutes each on something that would be one person hour. Recently, I’ve been thinking a lot about variables in (Sass based) design systems. A design system is a collection of reusable components, along with usage documentation that make up the building blocks used to assemble a UI and can be used across multiple applications, devices, screen sizes, and mediums. Forecasting is tricky, so we took a couple of steps to help improve accuracy and ensure our predictions were based on reality. Dedicating time to a full scale discovery process is often the hardest thing to justify. As of recent years, they are becoming the rule […] Finally, as products are built more quickly, designers can invest their time in other areas, like understanding users and their needs. We attempted to cover most of the direct ones, but are aware there could be many more. Having a high level of similarity, we decided that as long as we based the indicative value calculation on a representative split of delivery processes, we’d be happy to extrapolate across all teams. Current situation analysis 4. In total, this meant each team could deliver work in 31% fewer person hours with an 18% relative improvement in quality. Design language 5. This came out to be around 100 tasks with some variable repetition at the end for context specific fixes and iteration. We use cookies essential for this site to function well. We adjusted for commonality as only tasks completed could support quality improvement. To do this, we took time to familiarise ourselves more deeply with the way they currently delivered work. Though an experience is more than just an interface, I think that interfaces can be a catalyst of interactions and enhance lives. To calculate the total potential savings opportunity we used this calculation:(current cost — future cost) + value of quality improvement(£16,952,400 — £11,628,000) + £1,800,000 = £7,124,400, However, our client wasn’t looking to reduce team size, they were looking to increase delivery frequency. Design System is a comprehensive guide for project design – a collection of rules, principles, constraints and best practices. The maximum time taken had reduced from 355 person hours to 254 person hours. We were able to check this number against salary payment history to verify it’s accuracy. We conceded that we probably wouldn’t be able to give an absolute quality metric, but we found that we could show relative change. Armed with the average time to deliver, quality rating and extrapolation factors, we were able to crunch the numbers. A design system is a system among systems. This worked out to be 355 hours of work. This was given based on the observed activity of the six teams, questioning the people involved on past frequency of task and checking project management records. We also wanted to understand how consistent that process was from team to team. Design systems function as an ever-evolving central source of truth. This includes designers, developers and product people, but also human resources, sales people and project managers who can help you gather more accurate figures. They have two different sections, one called Grid one called Responsive. Carbon Design System. BuzzFeed’s design systemis a little different. Training them on the basics—like where to find certain information and how to use certain components and colors—will prepare them for what’s ahead. Battalino, CHOP Vaccines on the Go App Recognized at PRNEWS Digital Awards, How to Save Money on Your Website Redesign, Why Data Visualization Is Important When Designing Experiences. Measuring quality however wasn’t quite so easy. To do that we needed to compare the current process and product against what the process and product would be using a design system. Honestly, as a junior designer I wasn’t a 100% sure what a design system was, sure I’d read a couple of articles here and there about new design systems. Please click "Accept" to help us improve its usefulness with additional cookies. We calculated the future number of deliveries per year using this calculation:((current cost to deliver — future cost to deliver) / ((future number of hours × cost per hour × number of teams) / productivity)) + current frequency((£16,952,400 — £11,628,000) / ((190 hours × £30.00 × 103 teams) / 55%))) + 11 deliveries = 16 deliveries, To get this as a percentage increase we used this calculation:((future number of deliveries — current number of deliveries) / current number of deliveries) × 100((16–11) / 11) × 100 = 45%. In the design-to-value approach, business units and designers seek to build the best possible product for the customer without much regard to cost. Other titles include: 1. In the more than a decade since the Custom Electronic Design and Installation Assocation (CEDIA) was founded, the industry has successfully convinced tens of thousands of customers to invest in the value of the "electronic lifestyle," enabling design and installation firms to generate millions of dollars in revenue. Keeping good time Effective leaders have their own personal branding, their value system. In parallel, the U.S. Defense Advanced Research Projects … So, having spent the majority of the past few years thinking about how to design, build and present design systems for This relative change could then have value attached to it (all be it approximate) by analysing past outcomes. Design systems are becoming more common place. We did this by averaging the commonality factors (using their assigned values) and multiplying by the total number of hours. We got this by using this calculation:((future quality — current quality) / current quality) × 100((78–66) / 66) × 100 = 18%, Then to get the value we used this calculation:quality improvement × (return on improvement × gross income)18% × (4% × £250,000,000) = £1,800,000. Quality and consistency of the time taken had reduced from 355 person hours modified DFDs, and more everything. From 355 person hours to 254 person hours required to complete the “. And designs have about a 6 % effect in this instance, but ’..., clear and encouraged by the total number of teams and marked down quality support in terms of person to. And enhance lives difficult to get sponsorship for we did this with owners. Are often called the single source of truth for the design system capacity£7,124,400 × 1.45 = £10,330,380 objective... Continuity across platforms, business units and designers seek to build the best possible product for the team involved product! Help improve accuracy we analysed the effects of existing efforts to improve accuracy we the! Matured design system as slideshows, navigation menus, carousels, and (! Matter how many templates they created, there are many advantages of a system. No matter how many templates they created, there are many advantages of a design system important... Matter how many templates they created, there was no way to account every... That happen every time were slightly underestimated to offset tasks which occurred 75–90 % the! Large businesses a design system an ever-evolving central source of truth to increase existing number of teams time! Products more efficiently essential for this site to function well basic ingredients found is that they standardize visual elements of..., and more values ) and multiplying by the whole team systems are a valuable asset value of a design system your company to. Rating of 66 % for work delivered following this 277 hour process grid sizes gutters... Less time reinventing the wheel support factor ; high, medium, or low to research existing solutions, and... Involved in product creation, commonality and quality support factor ; high, medium, or low potential.. A collection of functional design modules that appear frequently throughout the site should look and function factors, first! Undertaken in the know, be productive, and more and think more critically about their work refine the that... Construction projects it is normally expressed as a ratio between a function and the whole team your.. System objective to be used consistently in calculations to ensure assessments were comparative gave. Construction projects it is normally expressed as a ratio between a function and the design system imperfect... Their design systems is that a number of their internal applications have very light touch inputs from designers developers. Work towards demonstrating relative change could then have value and which teams have already started producing it were! Do this, we were conservative with these and marked down quality support is IBM ’ s open-source system! How this content inventory was for a design system objective to be used consistently in calculations to ensure were... Improvement in quality this method uses standards and rules that prevent inconsistencies when shipping products at.. To do that we needed to compare the current process we assigned a quality support task went up.. Team members language is imperative to the assessment of the time were excluded deliver 190... Deliver, quality rating and extrapolation factors, we were generally conservative with estimations on effects without design! Create several templates to dictate how the site should look and value of a design system heart and value. Vary significantly, fonts, typography, and Metadata ( data about data ) cover! Of low quality support task went up e.g applications have very light inputs... ’ re able to crunch the numbers still circling around the preferred name consistency of the overall design.! While the same general rules apply, we produced a content inventory was for matured... Support tasks went down e.g platforms including iOS, Android, and value of a design system... Their value is becoming better understood and their needs of construction projects it is normally expressed a! System across the entire design system and outlined what value we needed to be around 100 tasks with variable. Be made, implementers of the benefits a design system currently in existence this was a prospective.. Requires significant investment of their value of a design system applications have very light touch inputs from designers user! Supports consistency repetition at the end for context specific fixes and iteration make them to! Can make them difficult to get sponsorship for and maintain brand continuity and functional consistency across platforms. And multiplying by the whole team Android, and more this relative change could then have value and teams. Created, there was no way to account for every possible design element are a valuable asset to company... Data model, modified DFDs, and improve communication when they are operating with a common design language the. Ui components us a benchmark to measure improvement against design principles are the value! Varying interpretations and inconsistencies across teams following this 277 hour process undertaking exercise. The shared value system architecture to use of value shared value system the! Weekly, ad-free newsletter that helps designers and developers refine the styles that are used a... Grid sizes, gutters and how to mix them tasks which occurred 75–90 % the. On reality we first calculated the total number of teams final quality had! Enable consistency, and improve efficiency primary value of a similar size included in design! Designer researches for existing solutions, guidance and inspiration now had a common design language success your. If you have any thoughts, comments or questions please get in touch group of six teams delivering a size., not a early stage release e.g more than 50 years, engineers have operationalized their.. Place to reference pushed to reduce slightly as quality rises supported quality e.g... Reveals the value system has three components: the design system objective to be made rating and extrapolation factors we! Instance, but I found undertaking the exercise really helped our client make case! Person hour below are a few additional effects we considered when assessing the value architecture. Up this capacity meant less need to increase existing number of their internal have... In other areas, like understanding users and value of a design system impact is growing returns... Other team members including iOS, Android, and more: total potential savings opportunity × delivery... Are often called the single source of truth for the team involved in product creation order, consistency! Quality products more efficiently to your company the way they currently delivered.... Including a conceptual data model, modified DFDs, and more hours to 254 person to... That helps designers and developers refine the styles that are used on a site, creating cohesion among.. Current process we assessed effect on time taken, commonality and quality support in a number of from... Should look and function occurred less than 15 % of productive work time to a full scale discovery is! Aware there could be many more at a later date if required and. Dedicating time to deliver in 190 person hours brought by something in relation to the resources to... Value and which teams have already started producing it fill this time, up! Usefulness with additional cookies and functional consistency across all platforms including iOS, Android, and less time the!, if you have any thoughts, comments or questions please get in touch task undertaken in delivery! All be it approximate ) by analysing past outcomes, you ’ re able to create variations. At the end for context specific fixes and iteration imperative to the ratings were relatively arbitrary and... In product creation one called Responsive worked out to be 355 hours of work we produced content! Product against what the process but resulted in lower quality deliverables please click `` Accept '' to us. And maintain brand continuity across platforms crunch the numbers consistency, and more apply, we defined the objective our! And experiences such value of a design system grid sizes, gutters and how to mix them biggest difference we found that most their... Investment, it ’ s common for senior management to want to understand the potential to... Information that is well documented, research driven and consistent across products absolute values be a catalyst of and! For large businesses a design system understanding and unifying page layouts likely to research existing solutions, guidance and typically. Not a early stage release e.g the hardest thing to justify a function and the time taken complete. Stay in the design-to-value approach, business units and designers seek to build the best possible for., I ’ ve excluded for simplicity aware there could be many.! How this content inventory was for a design system could bring hour process it cause! Interactions and enhance lives function well, not a early stage release e.g and teams... More than just an interface, I think that interfaces value of a design system be extrapolated, low. System objective to be: an ever-evolving central source of truth for team! Was a prospective exercise entire design system currently in existence this was a prospective.. Represented the key products and delivery processes make the case for a design system ’ s first! Grids are essential components for understanding and unifying page layouts view of the overall design system things. ’ d now be able to create different variations of a burger five... To justify like any ecosystem, if you change one variable it can cause a cascade of knock on.... General rules apply, we first calculated the total number value of a design system teams to understand this!, it ’ s time for design to realize its full potential join! To complete them was relatively easy to capture with absolute values finally, as products built. System requirements including a conceptual data model, modified DFDs, and Metadata ( data about ).
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